Obesity due to stress
نویسندگان
چکیده
.................................................................................................................................................. 4 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Obesity................................................................................................................................................. 7 Definition & Measurements ............................................................................................................ 7 Prevalence ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Health risks ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Obesity and Stress ............................................................................................................................... 9 Mechanisms of stress ............................................................................................................................ 10 Autonomic nervous system responses .............................................................................................. 10 The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis ................................................................................ 11 The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis & circadian rhythm ................................................ 11 Cortisol and its effects ....................................................................................................................... 11 The effects of cortisol & stress on the glucose metabolism ................................................................. 13 Gluconeogenesis ............................................................................................................................... 13 Glycogenolysis ................................................................................................................................... 13 Insulin resistance ............................................................................................................................... 14 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 ...................................................................................... 14 Stress and the lipid metabolism ............................................................................................................ 16 The normal lipid metabolism ............................................................................................................ 16 Lipolysis ............................................................................................................................................. 16 TNF-α, resistin and adiponectin ........................................................................................................ 17 De novo lipogenesis ........................................................................................................................... 18 Adipogenesis ..................................................................................................................................... 19 Stress and the central nervous system ................................................................................................. 20 Possible treatments for obesity induced by stress ............................................................................... 21 Mineralocorticoid & Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists ............................................................... 21 Inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 .................................................................. 21 Neuropeptide Y ................................................................................................................................. 22 Other possibilities .............................................................................................................................. 22 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 23 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... 24
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